Hybrid pollen sterility is caused by the reciprocal gene loss of duplicated genes has also been reported.
Analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes has also offered clues, for example confirming that some birds have geographically distinct breeding populations.
In addition, to gain insights into the molecular basis of yield penalty during various abiotic stresses, expression of the said genes has also been analyzed using publicly available microarray data and further validated by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).
Furthermore, to gain some insights into the molecular basis of yield penalty during various abiotic stresses, the expression of selected yield-related genes has also been analyzed by qRT-PCR under such stress conditions.
Interkingdom transfer of genes has also been demonstrated in fungi [27], [28].
The highly discriminating power of these genes has also been used to assess intraspecies diversity of B. licheniformis [40].
However, synergistic heterozygosity of dominant-negative missense mutations in two different complex I subunit genes has also been described [28].
A similar phase resetting of clock genes has also been observed in the heart [15], [17], [18], suggesting that, even in cardiovascular tissues, clock genes sense metabolic cycles.
A positive association between fitness pleiotropy of transcription factors (TF) and the number of the TF's target genes has also been found [11].
Heterologous cloning of potentially beneficial genes has also been attempted.
Disruption of the expression of clock genes has also been observed in cancer patients [ 35].
