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These genes can change the cell's behavior by turning other genes on and off.
McClintock showed that genes can change position, as shown in varying corn kernel colorations under controlled experimental conditions.
Thus, it establishes an important role for stochastic epigenetic variation in adaptation to fluctuating environments: by modifying the geometric mean fitness, variance-modifying genes can change the course of evolution and determine the long-term trajectory of the evolving system.
Clades diverged more than 3 million years ago [21] whereas contingency genes can change so quickly that different alleles can predominate at different times during infection of a single host [20], [22].
The network representation of the GPM results in a mutational target size of 2n 1 because the edges between nodes can mutate (i.e., the relationship among the genes can change).
Although the actual numbers of single-copy genes can change with different input parameter values, the bioinformatics pipeline implemented in this study resulted in a large set of important candidate single-copy genes useful for inferring both cladogenesis (phylogeny) and anagenesis (lineage divergence) for this enigmatic group of species.
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The state of a gene can change over the time due to internal regulations or external stimulants.
The following three assumptions are made in the fully asynchronous modelling approach: (i) at most one gene can change its state (be updated) in a single step.
Insertions in the 5' and 3' region of a gene can change protein expression levels by compromising promoter function and mRNA stability, respectively [ 18, 22, 23], and produce viable mutations in essential genes [ 18].
Starting from this initial state, the expression state of each gene can change through the influence of the expression states of its regulating gene products and its signal-integration logic.
Although a non-synonymous SNP in a gene can change its function(s), causing the gene to be associated with a disease [ 26], some recent studies found that synonymous SNPs without altered coding sequences also can affect the gene's function.
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