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Integration plasmids are often used in constructing chromosomal mutations, as it enables the alternation of genes at any location by integration or replacement.
Healthy human cells typically turn on nearly half of their 20,000 genes at any given time, and they choose those genes carefully to produce the desired cellular responses.
The integration system and the upp deletion strains could be used in the insertion or deletion of genes at any location of the chromosome of both L. casei ATCC 393 and L. lactis MG1363, and the homologous recombination would not introduce any selectable markers or residual bases.
Hundred of genes can influence the activity of other genes at any given time.
Any measurable phenotype may be affected by genes at any level of a network.
A similar comparison for type I-keratin 356 and type II-keratin 1018 showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of expression between these genes at any time interval.
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But if those genes are mobile, why have mitochondria retained any genes at all, especially considering that mutations in some of those genes can cause rare but crippling diseases that gradually destroy patients' brains, livers, hearts, and other key organs.
Some have questioned why some organelles retain any genes at all [ 89].
This makes it possible to delete or add a gene at any desired spot on the genome, or even to change just a few nucleotides, something unthinkable with older methods.
The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) (Fig. 1C) denoted that the purified His-PhoP protein was able to bind to the waaA promoter-proximal DNA in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, His-PhoP did not bind the 16S rRNA gene at any concentration.
In addition, the RE chosen for cloning each gene fragment into Pogostick should not cut the gene at any other site, aside from the artificially extended ends.
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