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While the modified virus can get the genes into egg DNA, he said, the problem is that the genes are usually silenced and inactive, so that they do not direct cells to make proteins.
Breeders have long been using this type of R genes in their breeding schemes; indeed R genes are usually dominant and they confer strong levels of resistance.
These important functional genes are usually generated from mutations that occurred in natural populations, such as wild rice and landraces, the ancestors of modern cultivars.
The prediction of novel disease-associated genes are usually approached by three main directions: (1) functional annotation based; (2) machine learning based; and (3) network based.
Several thousands of genes are usually measured for their mRNA expression levels per sample using Affymetrix gene chips and Stanford microarrays, for instance.
Parasite virulence genes are usually associated with telomeres.
These genes are usually important for discriminating one particular class while confounding other classes.
Because meiosis-specific genes are usually repressed in rich medium, regulating Ste11 expression is important.
The observed rearrangements, affecting the associated genes, are usually insertions, deletions or translocations.
Mice knocked-out for specific genes are usually backcrossed into strains to enhance their phenotypes.
As mentioned earlier, bivalent domain marked genes are usually silenced or expressed at low levels in ESCs.
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