While we have no direct evidence of this three-way feedback yet, many results, particularly those reviewed above concerning plasticity in the expression of iron scavenging proteins, suggest that phenotypic dynamics occurring over a one to a few generations timescale may be a major force in determining social interactions between microbes.
Thus, core impact heating could inhibit the dynamo generation during a timescale that is governed by the efficiency of the surrounding mantle to extract the impact induced core thermal anomaly (from several kyr up to 100 Myr).
As more variable renewable energy (VRE) such as wind and solar are integrated into electric power systems, technical challenges arise from the need to maintain the balance between load and generation at all timescales.
Thus, a population of N e = 100 effective individuals with τ = 0.01 years per generation will have a timescale of coalescence of N eτ = 1 year.
The regional wind-and-solar mixes matching load and generation closest on seasonal timescales cluster around 80% solar share, owing to the US summer load peak.
However, given the short timescale (nine generations) and the fact that the speculated selective pressure is no longer present in the population, it is very difficult to draw any conclusion regarding the possible role of selection in the spread of this variant.
In another model where fluctuations were slightly longer, occurring at the timescale of a generation, genetic canalization was favored, because a response to selection at one generation might be maladaptive at the next (Kawecki 2000).
However, our continuous-time approximation for large populations shows that the number of generations the lineages remain in state 1 is negligible on the timescale of N generations, so they immediately travel to separate individuals (from state 1 to state 2 since E1,2 = 1).
At the same time, in addition to the low temperature, the geological timescale for hydrocarbon generation at these temperatures was probably too short.
Fluctuations occurring at the timescale of a generation might select for genetic canalization (Box 1) (Kawecki 2000).
