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Indeed, the generation of ventricular (V) fibrillation requires single-cell triggers as well as sustained multi-cellular reentrant events.
The latest generation of ventricular assist devices has evolved from the pulsatile, volume-displacement pumps of the 1990s to today's non-pulsatile, constant pressure-generating rotary pumps.
Another important concept in the generation of ventricular arrhythmias is that of action potential duration dispersion.
The alteration in electrophysiological characteristics of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcted regions and the relationship of these changes to the generation of ventricular arrhythmias is discussed.
Spatial repolarisation heterogeneity provides a substrate for the generation of ventricular arrhythmias, and dispersion of APD is a known mechanism underlying circus movement re-entry around refractory regions [ 120].
Perturbations in cytosolic Ca2+-clearance are also associated with the generation of ventricular arrhythmias [ 56], which are strongly implicated in progression to heart failure and sudden death [ 59, 60].
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Several theories describe how alterations in cardiac electrophysiological parameters may influence the generation and propagation of ventricular arrhythmias.
3– 5, 16 Recent experimental evidence suggests that chronic hyperphosphorylation of RyR2 contributes to impaired contraction, generation of lethal ventricular arrhythmias, and development of heart failure via leaky RyR2 channels.
Multiple factors come into play in the generation of the [Ca2+]i transient in ventricular myocytes, including the amount of Ca2+ influx, SR Ca2+ release, the buffering capacity of the cell as well as the rate and capacity of Ca2+ extrusion, and SR Ca2+ re-sequestration mechanisms.
In fact, ROS generation from damaged mitochondria is involved in exacerbation of ventricular dysfunction [ 46].
These motile cilia are necessary to direct the flow of CSF along the ventricular surface and generation of molecular gradients of factors that circulate in the CSF and are filtered into the brain interstitium (Sawamoto et al., 2006).
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