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To propagate spheres in vitro, spheres were collected by gentle centrifugation, dissociated to single cells, and cultured to generate the next generation of spheres [ 7].
These data confirmed that PROM1/CD133+ cells have CSC-like properties, such as generation of spheres, high expression of stemness-associated genes, and high resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and PDT.
Finally, in the fourth generation of spheres, radiation-induced increases in the number of CICs were lost and the mean frequency of CICs was 2.16% regardless of the radiation dose applied.
We further investigated the effect of this drug on the sphere-forming capacity of the ALDH-sorted fractions as the generation of spheres after drug treatment would reflect the presence of drug-tolerant CSCs [ 19].
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For group 2, besides the absorption band at 500 600 nm, the spectrums either have, or show the tendency to have, another band in 600 1,100 nm, suggesting generation of sphere GNPs with wide size distribution or particle aggregation or even existence of gold nanotriangles [34, 35] (see the supporting information).
Several self-similar generations of spheres in spheres were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
To inspect whether the tumor initiating capability could be decreased as the spheres were passaged, we also compared the tumorigenicity of different generations of spheres.
As shown in Figure 6A, the mean SFE decreased 4.1-fold in the primary, 2.2-fold in the secondary and 2.5-fold in the tertiary generations of spheres derived from KO cells, respectively.
In order to make our results more accurate, we performed subsequent generations of sphere forming assays.
The results showed that both the tumor initiating capability and phenotypic appearance were similar for the 3th, 6th and 9th generations of sphere-forming cells (Table 1).
Self-renewing capacity of HCT116 spheres was shown by dissociating the spheres into single cells that were reseeded to yield the next generation of colon spheres.
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