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After meeting privately with Pacelle from the Humane Society, Manby in March announced an end to the orca breeding program, saying the current whales will be the last generation in captivity.
Our study involves three generations of ECO, GRV, and STW salmon families: wild, first generation in captivity, and second generation in captivity (Fig. 1).
Five ravens were first generation in captivity (i.e. their parents were wild-born), and four ravens were second generation in captivity (i.e. their grandparents were wild-born).
In addition, the failure to reproduce successfully soles of the F1 generation in captivity precludes the development of selection programs [ 4, 6].
For example, steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that are released after only a single generation in captivity have a significant reduction in reproductive success (Christie et al. 2012).
For instance, a recent study on steelhead demonstrates that only one generation in captivity can result in a substantial response to selection on traits that are beneficial in captivity but maladaptive in the wild (Christie et al. 2012).
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First is minimizing the number of generations in captivity, either by reducing the length of the captive period, using cryopreservation or increasing generation length (Frankham 2008).
Whereas dogs and cats have been specially bred for generations as pets – to a point where we have selected specific behavioural and physical traits that make them perfect companions – most primates bred as pets are only the result of two or three generations in captivity and are, in most respects, still wild and untamed animals.
Our research group previously developed a system for breeding Sepiella maindroni, a commercially important fishery species accounting for a large proportion of cuttlefish aquaculture in China, by creating artificial culture cycles capable of rearing at least six generations in captivity (Wei-Wei and Chun-Lin 2009).
The latter may reflect domestication over generations in captivity due to genetic drift or cultural evolution.
After capture, the stock was bred for four generations in captivity before the start of this experiment.
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