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It is a prelude to our own second generation crops, which will actively use the predator insects, not just help them".
However, the use of first generation crops for biofuels and bioenergy production is controversial due to their competition with food and feed.
The model seeks to address sustainability issues such as the use of food crops, land use requirements of second generation crops and competition for biomass with other sectors.
"Second generation crops are developed in universities, and then those projects die," Lemaux says.
These will be largely supplanted by second generation crops representing specialized industrial oilseed crops and the utilization of lignocellulosic crops and crop residues [ 5].
There have been no published reports of resistance to the additional toxins employed in second generation crops but several studies have established base-line measures for future monitoring (Downes et al. 2010a).
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) serves as a major food and income generation crop for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa and Central America.
Advanced populations, such as recombinant inbred lines, have been broadly adopted for QTL mapping; however, construction of large advanced generation crop populations is time-consuming and costly.
Crucially, the industry is looking at developing aviation fuel not from palm oil and other so-called first-generation crops, but from plants like jatropha, an inedible weed that can grow in arid conditions, or from algae, which likewise do not encroach on arable land.
The energy crops combined with food/fodder crops in this scenario are annual first-generation crops (e.g. oilseed rape, maize) for the production of bioethanol, biodiesel or biogas.
Here, annual first-generation crops are combined with fields, or field strips, of dedicated (annual or perennial) biomass crops planted in the vicinity of food/fodder crops.
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