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The NEM procedure described herein appears to be promising for generating unfolded or bound conformations a priori, given the fact that computers are nowadays fast enough to run NMA on drug-like ligands and even on proteins.
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As evidenced by the proteolysis and ubiquitination experiments, such loosening generates an unfolded protein stretch that can be targeted by UFD-2 with high efficiency.
Thermal instability in the isolated CTA1 subunit generates an unfolded toxin conformation that acts as the trigger for ERAD-mediated translocation to the cytosol.
Unlike other shuttle proteins, which simply bind both to ubiquitin chains and to components of the proteasome, p97 uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to structurally remodel or unfold its clients, and is believed thus to help extract them from cellular structures, segregate them from binding partners or generate initial unfolded stretches to facilitate degradation by the proteasome.
Although generally not included as a part of the UPR, unfolded proteins generated as a result of oxidative and proteotoxic stress also activate HSF transcription factors, which aid in alleviating ER stress [ 419].
In eukaryotic cells several physiologic and pathologic conditions generate the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to ER stress.
They prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under physiologic and stress conditions.
Free Png1p in the cytosol may deglycosylate the glycoprotein fragments generated by proteolysis or unfolded glycoproteins by reducing conditions maintained in cytosol.
While the P3rpoH promoter is activated by unfolded proteins generated during periplasmic stress [25], the sulA gene is activated during the course of the SOS response by compounds that damage DNA or affect its replication [28].
In contrast, tumor-associated cells (Fig. 2B) generated mostly stretched and unfolded Fn fibers, as indicated by low FRET fibrillar sections (blue pixels).
Generally, HSPA1 are regarded as stress-inducible chaperones required for refolding of damaged and unfolded proteins generated by various stressful conditions.
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