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Metabolic engineering provides tools for the reprogramming of biochemical pathways and offers opportunities for generating organisms with tailored composition of essential molecules that can in turn be used directly as petrochemicals or can be converted into aviation and transportation fuels.
Given that many genes cooperate in various pathways, incorporating multiple gene cassettes in tandem in a transgenic DNA construct for the purpose of genetic modification is often necessary when generating organisms that produce multiple foreign gene products.
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Two views are presented here on the best way to engineer these components so that they reliably generate organisms with desired traits.
However, genetic variations are also crucial to generate organisms that could survive environmental changes.
Finally, a good working knowledge of the mutational landscape and genotype phenotype map can be extremely useful when employing adaptive laboratory evolution to generate organisms of applied interest.
In fact, the term 'synthetic biology' was coined in 1974 by Waclaw Syzbalsky to describe the application of recombinant DNA technology to generate organisms with new genetic properties.
However, recombinant DNA technology has led to the emergence of the field of metabolic engineering, the purposeful and directed modification of intracellular metabolism; generate organisms with desirable growth characteristics and cellular properties.
For example the Pathway Tools software package [ 12] has been used to generate organism-specific pathway genome databases (PGDBs) for bacteria [ 13], plants [ 14, 15] and animals [ 9].
The idea of resorting to nature's stockpile for parts, Church says, is "ironic and interesting" given synthetic biology's interest in producing entirely new DNA circuits and, ultimately, generating entire organisms from scratch.
29– 31 To circumvent this problem, Cre/LoxP technology has been employed for generating mutant organisms by conditional gene knockout.
Next-generation sequencing is developing rapidly and many datasets have been generated in organisms whose mitochondrial genome is unknown [ 61].
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