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This representation also allows us to integrate the constraints into the process of generating constrained frequent itemsets without checks in a post-processing step.
Three a priori evolutionary hypotheses were compared by generating constrained phylogenetic trees in PAUP* and selecting the tree with the highest likelihood value using the approximately unbiased (AU) test of Shimodaira [ 43] and the more conservative weighted Shimodaira-Hasegawa (WSH) test [ 44], both implemented in Consel [ 79].
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Several algorithms exist to generate constrained and non-constrained null models depending on which basic features of the PAM are retained in the computations (Gotelli, 2000; Gotelli and Entsminger, 2001).
First, we generated constrained null community matrices using a swap algorithm [40] where the number of occurrences of each species across all sites and the number of species at each site is set exactly equal to the original data matrix; null matrices were not limited in terms of the ability of members of the same guild to co-occur.
In order to avoid artificially lowering the Type I error probability due to passive sampling of skewed species abundance distributions [33], we generated constrained null matrices such that the proportional occurrence of each species was always exactly equal to the original data matrix.
Lastly, spatial distribution model of petrophysical property in terms of porosity, permeability, saturation etc., is generated and constrained to the lithofacies model.
In [4], channel estimation error is emulated with a randomly generated error constrained by the value of its average power, and the affected FER is plotted.
The very presence of any heterogeneous structure inhabited by diverse users both generates and constrains the latter's relationships with, and utility from, the structure.
EFMs are generated by constraining reactions to zero flux; EFMEvolver utilizes a genetic algorithm [ 18], while the k-shortest EFM utilizes a binary solver [ 21] for this purpose.
By computationally docking 16 α-D-manno- 1-2 -α-D-mannose conformers (generated by constraining relevant ring atoms and then minimizing the structure in vacuo) and evaluating binding energies and forces on the substrates that were proposed to drive it toward the transition state (with AutoDock), a reasonable enzymatic pathway was deduced (Mulakala et al. 2006).
In this paper a real-time method for generating signals of constrained amplitude and a given (arbitrary) spectrum is presented.
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