The total protrusion distance and time for all three kymographs were summed to generate a mean protrusion velocity for each cell.
The sperm cytoskeleton lacks actin and instead consists of Major Sperm Protein (MSP), which generates a network of fibers that drives cell protrusion via its expansion and contraction (Italiano et al., 1999; Roberts and Stewart, 2012).
Such intervention generates an interdigitated, desmosome-rich monolayer, wherein cells project actin-containing protrusions deep into neighboring cells.
However, in many cells one of the nuclei moved into the protrusion, generating a functional daughter cell with normal ploidy.
The motility of tumour cells is dependent on rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton for generating both protrusions and retraction to generate a motility cycle resulting in net translocation (Wang et al, 2005).
The property of continuous protrusion during P1 represents an experimental system that can be used to test biophysical models for how actin generates edge protrusion (see Appendix S1).
Based on our data, we propose a model where myeloid cells in contact with a rigid or semi-rigid substratum respond to chemotactic factors that trigger asymmetric extension of initial protrusions at the cell margin to generate a leading edge.
When sound waves tickle these cilia, the protrusions generate an electrical trigger that makes the cell dance, elongating and shortening with the sound.
We demonstrate here that upon engagement of TCR alone, T cells generate a reproducible sequence of pushing and pulling forces displaying characteristic cell protrusion growth velocity, force loading rate and duration.
Formins, like Dia, nucleate linear actin filaments in filopodial protrusions (Fig. 3), whereas the Arp2/3 complex is thought to be the key nucleator generating a branched actin network during lamellipodia formation.
