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Otherwise, a dividing aneuploid cell undergoes mitotic arrest triggered by unbalanced DNA content and generates a damage signal (prolonged spindle assembly checkpoint activation) for its elimination by mitotic catastrophe (Vitale et al. 2011).
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Damage for each model was classified according to the Hazard-US Damage State Matrix in order to generate a damage probability matrix.
A rule deciding which of these models (appearance or geometry change) to use according to the damage degree associated to the footprint was applied in order to generate a damage realistic layer (Fig. 12).
The scientific literature presents various methodologies for generating a damage scenario for built-up areas impacted by an earthquake (Erdik et al. 2010), each method combines variables in different ways.
It is likely that chemotherapy generates a subtle damage, largely reversible for the resolving power of our techniques, but that could constitute, in the long course, a risk factor for the onset of cognitive impairment in some genetically and environmentally vulnerable patients [18, 19].
By producing O-methyl adducts, MNNG generates a severe damage in DNA that provokes the activation of nuclear repair proteins, such as PARP-1.
MNU generates a number of damaged bases in addition to 0-methylguanine, mostly N-methylpurines, but these latter are promptly dealt with by the base excision repair (BER) system.
However, there is currently no demonstrated mechanism by which cells monitor the length of their telomeres prior to their becoming short enough to generate a DNA damage signal.
When telomeres become short enough to produce inadequate telomeric protein binding or t-loop packaging they generate a DNA damage signal, which causes the growth arrest known as senescence or replicative aging [ 8].
In the absence of gene regulation by telomere length cells would lack the ability to monitor telomere length prior to the point when they become so short that they generate a DNA damage signal.
Meaning, the presence of damage generates a signal that activates an inhibitor that then blocks further DNA replication.
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