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Therefore, we consider that the primary role of the passenger cells is to serve as a source of antigen, antigen that leads to tolerance in a newly generated immune system and immunity in an already mature immune system.
Having established local vs. systemic donor lymphocyte chimerism, we asked whether a newly generated immune system tolerates or rejects donor cells when restricted locally to the peritoneum (RAG recipients) vs. when they are present more systemically (RAG/γc recipients).
The newly generated immune system in responding patients is tolerant to rheumatic autoantigens and able to react to pathogens.
While we have not yet identified the reasons behind the protection of donor peritoneal cells from NK cell killing in the peritoneum, our data indicate that donor chimerism restricted to this peripheral site does not induce tolerance in a newly generated immune system.
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In contrast, studies by Le Douarin and colleagues showed that xenogeneic and allogeneic limb buds grafted into embryos were not treated as self by the newly generating immune system [ 14, 15].
Together these data suggested that an internal weakly mismatched transplant is not ignored by a newly generating immune system, instead the location of the established graft determines whether the graft triggers CTL priming or tolerance.
In addition, oxidative stress generated by immune system activation may cause a negative relationship between immunity and attractiveness [ 5, 79, 80].
When the immune system generates immune responses against frequent virus strains, a strong selective pressure arises which leads to the escape of the virus.
However, in the human study, we cannot neglect the influence of the subject's immune system on generating immune response against the vaccine.
Human cells were allowed to engraft and to generate an immune system in recipient mice for at least 12 weeks, at which time human hematolymphoid engraftment was validated by flow cytometry on peripheral blood.
The scale of the system is solved by using ZF as a model organism, with 105 B cells generating an immune system of comparable complexity.
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