Indeed, as Farley (2010) already indicated in this journal, 'As all market goods must be produced from the structural elements of natural capital, and depletion of structure diminishes function, production of market goods in general must reduce the ability of the ecosystem to generate ecosystem services,' including indirectly the initial service involved.
Once appropriated, these services generate ecosystem benefits which may be commercialised, or not.
Agricultural systems as well as other ecosystems generate ecosystem services, i.e., societal benefits from ecological processes.
Distinguishing between the ecosystems' capacity to generate ecosystem services (ES) and the actual use of these service (ES flow) in ES assessment and mapping is important to develop an understanding of the sustainability of ES use.
Further, we suggest that civic ecology practices not only create green infrastructure that produces ecosystem services, but also constitute social-ecological processes that directly generate ecosystem services (e.g., recreation, education) and associated benefits to human well-being.
Indirect effects include those provided by soil organisms participating in carbon and nutrient cycles, soil structure modification and food web interactions that generate ecosystem services that ultimately affect productivity.
We exemplify the role of urban gardens in generating ecosystem services in times of crisis and change and conclude that stewards of urban green areas and the social memory that they carry may help counteract further decline of critical ecosystem services.
"They might generate ecosystems that have low numbers of particularly luscious and juicy species that you'd like to eat yourself".
A positive correlation was demonstrated between the intensification of biogas production and the presence of both added H2-producing microorganism strains in a natural biogas-generating ecosystem.
This kind of green capitalism is potentially applicable to a wide variety of environmental goods and services generated by ecosystems all over the world.
