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Fifteen markers generated duplicated patterns, of which 8 could be scored for a single marker region and 1 produced a scorable duplicated pattern.
Further, Wnt8-HA-KDEL generated duplicated axis in normal embryos (Fig. 2O) when injected into a ventral vegetal blastomere of 8- to 16-cell stage embryos (23 out of 23 embryos formed Y-shaped secondary axis).
The subsequent re-diploidization event in the salmonid genome has generated duplicated paralogs, which may diverge from each other due to the relaxation of purifying selection in one of the copies (reviewed in [ 45]).
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Taken together, these observations demonstrate an intriguing tendency of the mkrn gene family to generate duplicated copies by retroposition.
The diploidization process, involving non-homologous recombination events together with deletions and pseudogenizations of genes, generates duplicated chromosomes that differ in large segments, but still exhibit paralogous regions.
The robustness of internal branches was evaluated based on jackknife replicates (100 at 65%) rather than by bootstrap analysis, because the latter method generates duplicated sequence sites whose modeling is problematic with the Bayesian approach.
Once a TE has been acquired by HT, its life cycle is comprised of transposition events, which may generate duplicated copies that are inserted into new sites in the genome.
Some authors [ 57] speculate that the newly generated duplicate genes or gene families may evolve to interact with other existing gene families and promote the adaptation of organisms to new environments.
Hence, we can infer that the drift duplication has been generating duplicate genes in rates comparable with those of tandem duplications at least since the common ancestor of tetrapods/ray-finned fish (fig. 8).
For the first time, our cross-sectional analyses revealed that the drift duplication has also been generating duplicate genes in rates comparable with or even higher than the rates of tandem duplications at least since the vertebrate ancestor.
A number of mechanisms can generate duplicate copies of genes, ranging from single gene duplications to regional and whole genome duplications [ 1- 3].
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