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This suggests that the majority of these pseudogenes may have been generated by duplication.
Third, new miRNA genes may be generated by duplication of preexisting miRNA genes with subsequent mutations.
As described previously, CCR2 and CCR5 have been generated by duplication relatively recently in vertebrate evolution and share some ligands.
The gene is reported to be rodent-specific and likely generated by duplication of the prolactin gene.
Thus, these genes were generated by duplication events occurred before insect radiation and might have experienced purifying selection process after speciation.
Gene duplication is the major force acting on the evolution of different species, and the gene families are groups of genes generated by duplication.
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Finally, acceptors with mismatches are generated by duplications of the original palindrome.
These nine pseudogenes form a clade with a solid bootstrap support (100%), suggesting that they were generated by duplications of a single ancestral pseudogene.
Taken together, these observations suggest that essentially all of the vertebrate lysozyme-like genes have been generated by duplications of genomic DNA, rather than by reverse-transcription and insertion into genome.
Under this view, the redundancy generated by duplications and/or acquisition of extra sequences allowed the evolution (gain-of-function) of mitochondrially encoded factors possibly interacting with the extramitochondrial environment and the nucleus by means of retrograde signaling.
Therefore, their genes might have been derived from common ancestor genes and are the paralogous genes generated by duplications, but their true orthologous genes might have been drifted in sequence too much or even deleted during evolution.
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