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Association mapping is not only powerful in detecting QTL in natural populations or germplasm collections (Abdurakhmonov and Abdukarimov 2008), but it is also a good approach for detecting QTL in a routinely generated breeding program termed " in silico mapping" (Parisseaux and Bernardo 2004).
3- Performance of each performance-tested animal y i = h i + u i + e i was simulated using its generated breeding value u i and a residual e i drawn from.
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Mutant lines were backcrossed for at least ten generations to the C57/BL6 background to generate breeding stock for these experiments.
In addition, unlike the other methods, our method also generates breeding values for the recovery process.
As result, simulation modeling is often used to generate breeding values as a basis for assessing the accuracy of genomic prediction [ 1].
A similar situation was noted at ICARDA, wherein the chickpea breeders during the same period used approximately 250 germplasm lines in their crosses, compared to approximately 600 breeding lines in generating breeding materials, from which 31 cultivars were released.
ERY-841 has not been used directly for generating breeding lines since around 1978, due to the availability of many new cultivars with more advanced characteristics (P. Malchikov, Personal com).
We proceeded by trial and error to set the simulation parameters that were not known from the literature or from real data (e.g. the selection intensity for mass selection), in order to generate breeding populations with genetic parameters that were consistent with actual parameters.
Clock mutants were generated by breeding of Clock/Clock males with Clock/wt females, Cry1,2-/ were generated by breeding of Cry1,2-/ males with Cry1+/-, Cry2-/ females.
Transchromosomic mice containing two or four copies of the MAC were generated by breeding.
Heterozygous Rad21+/− mice were generated by breeding.
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