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In wild type, ddaE and ddaD neurons are smooth and do not generate protrusions (Figure 2A, C).
By contrast, the inside-out model implies that symbiosis arose by the passive trapping of proto-mitochondria in inter-bleb spaces, and did not require complex membrane manipulating machinery besides the ability to generate protrusions - a feature common in many modern-day archaea.
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GFP-fascin−rescued cells generated protrusions that more effectively transmigrated than fascin nulls.
While not a central feature of the model, the inside-out theory suggests that the machinery for generating cilia might have similarities to that generating protrusions early in the evolution of eukaryotes.
It has been reported that in Dictyostelium cells chemotaxing in shallow gradients or moving in the absence of external cues, newly generated protrusions usually split from existing pseudopods [ 4, 27].
While our previous results indicate a novel form of membrane deformation arising from a canonical Nwk F-BAR membrane interacting surface together with a unique higher order zigzag assembly, they do not directly explain how a ridge and scallop-forming membrane-deforming protein generates protrusions in cells.
A similar time scale can be seen in dynamic, actin-based protrusions, since cells generate new protrusions roughly every 20 s.
BAR domains sculpt phosphoinositide-rich membranes to generate membrane protrusions or invaginations.
This enables the cells to generate membrane protrusions needed for cell migration.
Therefore, the failure to migrate was not due to an inability to generate membrane protrusions (Supplementary Video 4A).
Archaea often generate extracellular protrusions [ 9- 14], but are not known to undergo processes akin to endocytosis or phagocytosis.
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