The XRD reveals that an extra phase with an about 4‑5% larger unit cell volume is generated in pristine LTO during the first cycle.
In comparison with the photocurrent density generated on pristine ATO (0.25 mA/cm2 under UV irradiation and 0.29 mA/cm2 under solar irradiation), the ATO-H-10 electrode delivers a much improved performance (0.56 mA under UV irradiation and 0.65 mA/cm2 under solar irradiation).
Interfacial amorphous layers a few nanometers thick generated at pristine MWCNT Cu interfaces act as a thermal barrier and due to the relatively large thermal resistance of these layers the MWCNT are expected to act like elongated pores.
In contrast, the currents generated for pristine rGO, Mn-rGO, and Ni-rGO were only 1.5 (±0.4) μA, 2.7 (±0.8) μA, and 2.9 (±0.7) μA, respectively, which are slightly (1.3, 1.7, and 1.8 times) but not substantially greater than that for the bare electrode.
The maximum power density of such MFCs was approximately ten times greater than that generated using the pristine carbon film-based electrodes.
The optoelectronic properties of these graphene-based hybrid structures are characterized by measuring the photovoltage generated across the pristine FLG/FeCl3 FLG interface while rastering the laser spot over the active device area.
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Hence, even in the absence of an aqueous oxidant, such as O2 or Fe3+, a pristine pyrite surface will generate some sulfate in solution upon contact with water.
Upon exposure to sunlight, the donor (i.e., pristine P3HT) absorbs photons to generate electron-hole pairs (process A).
