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Stress relaxation at a crack tip relies on the material's ability to generate dislocations.
The results show that the thermal residual stresses are high enough to generate dislocations and the dislocation density is higher in the interfacial region than the rest of the matrix.
They shined the beam on crystal after crystal of aluminum while stretching it to generate dislocations.
(In colloidal hydrothermal solutions, anatase (TiO2) has been shown to generate dislocations by imperfectly oriented attachment on a specific atomic plane [[29]], forming twin boundaries [[30]], or chain-like arrays [[31]] via oriented attachment on such planes).
When the total dissipation energy, namely the area between the loading and unloading curves shown in Figure 3a, is taken as the energy to generate dislocations with critical radius, as high as approximately 3 × 10 6 dislocation loops may be formed within a loading-unloading curve.
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A new nanocrystallization process was designed, which included punching the surface coating to generate dislocation network or cells and recovery treatment to turn the dislocation cells into nano-sized grains.
The entire surface modification process includes dipping carbon steel specimens into a molten Al pool to form an Al coat, subsequent diffusion treatment at elevated temperature to form an aluminized layer, sandblasting to generate dislocation network or cells, and recovery treatment to turn the dislocation cells into nano-sized grains.
Although it is not realistic to assume that all the dissipated indentation energy was entirely transferred to generate dislocation loops, the estimation has, nevertheless, provided an upper limit for the number of dislocation loops with critical radius in the initial state.
The rate of generation of new dislocations is limited by the rate at which previously generated dislocations move away from the crack tip.
The newly generated dislocations are usually of different types.
We propose an approach of plastic deformation that generates dislocations, which scatters mid-range frequency phonons.
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