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Light is just an electromagnetic wave, and when you combine multiple waves together, they generate an interference pattern.
Like the first holograms, the new technique uses lasers to generate an interference pattern, says Satoshi Kawata, a photonics physicist at Osaka University in Japan.
It is generally considered in literature that the secondary users can only transmit if the primary network is inactive or if the secondary users are located outside a keep-out region surrounding the primary transmitter, or equivalently, if the secondary users generate an interference inferior to a given threshold on a so called protection contour surrounding the primary transmitter [7, 8].
To generate an interference signal with high contrast, the polarization of each beam is controlled by polarizers to be identical.
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The method proposed in this paper uses this property to generate an interference-free time-frequency representation by approximating the underlying time-frequency structures of the signal by a linear approximation.
The superposition of the two signals generates an interference field with beat frequency.
That is because all the reader sets with cardinality higher than 14 have a subset (i.e., a minimal collision set) that already generates an interference perceived by the target reader.
Our calculations pointed out that the interaction of these waves generates an interference intensity pattern, which is the same as the intensity of the interference of a plane wave and a spherical wave with radius of curvature Rd (Eq. (1)), where {mathrm{R}}_d=pm frac{{mathrm{R}}_1*{mathrm{R}}{{mathrm{R}{R}_1-{mathrm{R}}_22}.
The phase grating G1 acts as a beam splitter generating an interference pattern downstream.
The source grating provides a spatially coherent X-ray beam, the phase grating generates an interference pattern downstream of the beam and the analyser grating detects changes of the latter, when a specimen is introduced into the beam, by which retrieval of phase- and dark-field contrast is practicable.
As shown in Figure 3, the macro users' exclusion regions with radius D are used to guarantee that the femto-BSs will, on average, not generate an aggregate interference leading to the outage of macro (primary) users.
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