Since natural selection is an algorithm for generating adaptation [10], it can have many implementations [11].
In effect, the replacement rule generates adaptation waves traveling at an average velocity given by c = c(Δ W).
Other models aim to make predictions both about (1) the origin of variation (through new mutations) and (2) how sieving that variation through a natural selection filter generates adaptation.
Given the clear skew in the repeated evolution of morphological adaptations towards closely related taxa compared to the seemingly less contingent evolution of behavior and physiology, we examined whether there were any obvious differences among these phenotypic characteristics and the type of repeated evolution or selection pressure involved in generating adaptation.
All the while, predators are constantly evolving and generating adaptations.
The linear transformations shift the component means and alter the variances in the independent system so that each state in the HMM system is more likely to generate the adaptation data[33, 34].
From these earlier studies, a positive correlation between codon usage, gene expression level, and growth efficiency of prokaryotic cells [ 25] was established and used to generate codon adaptation indices (CAI) [ 26].
Sexual conflict generates continuous adaptation and counter-adaptation of reproductive traits by the sexes [ 50- 52], which can lead to rapid elaboration of traits important to reproductive success [ 1].
Regular motor coordination exercise can also generate positive adaptations of cognitive function, and this form of exercise is likely to activate and maintain the visual-spatial network.
Based on data generated from adaptation [10] and cell cell fusion studies presented here, a model of two-step adaptation process is proposed (Fig. 7).
