All these species have been described as parasitoids prone to be habitat generalists (associated with different plant families) and host aphid generalists (Starý et al. 1994).
Nevertheless, increased abundances of generalist predators associated with forest plantations may still be considered of conservation concern, thus supporting the recommendation for strongly restricting afforestation in areas important for open grassland birds.
However, all else being equal, one would expect that species evolve to become generalists if associated costs are sufficiently low and in so doing they ecologically exclude more specialised species (Dennis et al. 2011 Loxdale et al. 2011).
The most frequent and abundant birds were generalists typically associated with forest edge habitats, such as Parus major, Sylvia atricapilla, Fringilla coelebs, Oriolus oriolus, Phylloscopus collybita, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus merula and Luscinia megarhynchos.
It can also be used to distinguish generalist from specialist species [ 50], the most generalist species being associated with a broad partition while the most specialist species are associated with finer partitions i.e. clustered latter in the ordination tree.
On the other hand, the generalist species, mainly associated with open environments, seemed to be favoured by the prevailing conditions induced by agricultural activities.
One habitat generalist, a species associated with both early and late seral stages, appeared to benefit from the range of land use scenarios examined.
Because seeing an ob/gyn in addition to a generalist physician is associated with receiving recommended preventive services (even for heart disease), the findings suggest that non-elderly women who rely on a generalist alone may receive substandard preventive care.
Hymenopteran generalist parasitoids were associated strongly with lepidopteran alternate hosts (47%) that feed on trees and shrubs, whereas hymenopteran oligophagous and specialist parasitoids were associated strongly with lepidopteran alternate hosts (68 and 100% respectively) that feed on ruderals and shrubs.
Lizard assemblages inhabiting small, isolated islands consisted almost exclusively of an oversimplified set of widely distributed, large-bodied, habitat generalist, heliophile species associated with open areas and forest edges, and that feed on a wide spectrum of prey sizes.
