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In C. elegans, p38 MAPK- and pERK-dependent signaling pathways, as well as insulin and TGF-beta signaling pathways, are required for host defense, with the general presumptions that insulin signaling functions in pathogen surveillance, p38 MAPK-dependent signaling functions in general defense, and p38 MAPK-independent signaling pathways provide pathogen-specific responses (reviewed in [ 49]).
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And there was a general presumption of Republican competence.
It is ambiguous whether that means prior notification is the general presumption or the exception.
Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr., writing for the majority, said a general presumption against the extraterritorial application of American law barred the suit.
This conclusion, based on a small sample, runs counter to the general presumption, backed by empirical findings in America, that immigration lowers wages.
But in Israel, as opposed to the Palestinian side, where there is far deeper skepticism, the general presumption is that the peace talks are marching forward.
The volume of media coverage created the perception that where there's smoke, there must be fire, and a general presumption of guilt resulted.
The general presumption is that it echoes a power struggle within the oligarchy of financial-industrial groups that controls much of Russia's economy and much of its government too.
Until this week, says Nicolas Véron of Bruegel, a Brussels think-tank, Areva NP was the main counter-example to the general presumption that Franco-German industrial ventures do not work.
The Supreme Court has explained that there is a general presumption against retroactive application of a statute unless Congress makes it clear that it wants a new law applied to past conduct.
But Andy Burnham, the shadow home secretary, said he wanted to see a general presumption in favour of privacy along with at least six other improvements before the party could be persuaded to back the bill.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com