Previous studies for North American WCR populations have used several types of molecular markers (allozymes, mtDNA sequencing, AFLPs, microsatellites, and SNPs), with all studies indicating large amounts of genetic diversity and a general lack of population structure across the Corn Belt [ 10, 21– 25].
However, isolation-by-distance patterns have failed to be detected (Lambertini et al. 2008; Fér and Hroudová 2009; Lukacs 2009; Krzakowa and Michalak 2010; Paul et al. 2011) and, in general, lack of genetic structure seems to characterize the European continent (Lambertini et al. 2006).
The STRUCTURE analysis indicated a general lack of strong genetic structure in the dataset (results are detailed in Data S1).
Association analysis based on LD has been employed recently in plants, with initial resistance due in large part to the confounding effects of population structure and the general lack of knowledge regarding the structure of LD in many plant species [ 56].
Implementation of marker-assisted selection and breeding programs is severely limited by a paucity of trait-linked markers and a general lack of information on gene structure and organization.
Several respondents also deplored "a general lack of expertise, capacity and career structure in the UK and worldwide in many aspects of microbiology, including physiology and taxonomy".
The general lack of enthusiasm is mirrored in construction activity.
Combined, these findings suggest a general lack of outcrossing, which may contribute to the discontinuous population structure of I. hederacea.
However, a general lack of tools for tailoring the presentation of specific glycan structures on the surfaces of cells has left them largely unexplored in the biomedical context.
