After adjustment for the potential confounding factors in the multivariate analysis models, ORs in each category of smoking pack years increased, and CIs became wider, but the general dose-response trend was maintained (Table 3).
In conclusion, this study confirmed that cigarette smoking is significantly associated with higher risk of NSCLC having hypermethylation of p16, DAPK or RARβ promoter, and a general dose-response trend was confirmed.
Long-term observational studies [ 13, 14] and numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of controlled trials have shown significant risk factor reductions following various types of PA interventions in a general dose-response pattern [ 15, 16].
After adjusted age and other potential confounding factors, smoking was still main risk factor and significantly increased 3.70-fold greater risk of NSCLC as compared with nonsmokers, and the ORs across increasing levels of pack years were 1, 3.54, 3.65 and 7.76, which the general dose-response trend was confirmed.
In general, these dose response experiments indicated that patient-derived cells are more resistant to anti-proliferative chemotherapy than established cell lines, which correlates with the difference in mitotic rates between these cells.
Thayer et al. (2005) believe the term hormesis would be "better described by the more general term 'nonmonotonic' dose responses".
We argue that many examples used to support the widespread frequency of hormesis are better described by the more general term "nonmonotonic" dose responses.
It is of note that although different batches of TPA had different dose response curves, the general trend was the same even with TPAs from different companies (data not shown).
In general, cytokine concentrations reflected a graduated dose response analogous to that observed for PMN influx.
In general, the dose-response relationship of phthalates is difficult to evaluate.
In general, treatment of cells was similar in dose response experiments, except for a daily medium exchange.
