The vast majority of plastic responses across copper gene expression reaction norms exhibited genetic variation (G × E: 29% of the transcriptome vs. E alone: 2%).
The gene expression quantification reactions were performed in an ABI Prism 7900HT system.
The gene expression quantification reactions were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions on an ABI Prism 7900HT system.
For qPCR gene expression analysis, reactions were performed in triplicate.
For gene expression experiments, reactions for each biological replicate and non-template control (NTC) were carried out in duplicates.
These systems respond to a wide range of stimuli by triggering diverse physiological adjustments, including alterations in gene expression, enzymatic reactions, or protein-protein interactions.
RNA is a central biomolecule involved in many cellular functions, including synthesizing proteins, regulating gene expression, catalyzing reactions, and storing genetic data in many viruses.
For the quantification of gene expression, PCR reactions were performed using the LightCycler 480 system with a SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan), using the expression of beta-actin as an internal control.
In such networks, the nodes are usually cellular molecules such as genes, proteins, or metabolites, while the edges represent biological relationships, for example, physical interactions, regulations such as activation and inhibition of gene expression, or reactions such as substrate product association.
Compared to the wild-type strain, gene expression of reaction NADH16 was significantly up-regulated and that of reaction NADTRHD was significantly down-regulated (Fig. 2).
