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Gene divergence often follows gene duplication.
Gene divergence analysis showed that 15 genes were under strong positive selection and many of them are related to energy and xenobiotic metabolism.
Gene divergence and synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates in the protein coding genes were calculated with DnaSP 4.0 and PAML 4.3 [ 84].
Dr dos Reis explained that these ages should not be interpreted as species divergence times, but rather as gene divergence times.
The Ka/Ks ratio is also a measure to explore the mechanism of gene divergence after duplication.
The contribution of Ds1 exonization for gene divergence is incorporating the intron sequences with different reading frame patterns to enrich the plant proteome.
Because gene divergence before populations actually separate, this estimate also puts the population divergence of Neanderthal and modern human ancestors between 270,000 and 440,000 years ago (Green et al. 2010).
Previously, we found that the main contribution of Ds exonization for gene divergence is not providing genetic messages but incorporating the intron sequences with different reading frame patterns to enrich the plant proteome.
In conclusion, the main contribution of Ds1 and Ds exonization for gene divergence is not providing genetic messages but incorporating the intron sequences with different reading frame patterns to enrich the plant proteome.
Cytochrome b gene divergence between the Madeira firecrest and the European bird is 8.5%, comparable with the divergence level between other recognised Regulus species, such as the 9% between the goldcrest and the golden-crowned kinglet.
Cytochrome b gene divergence between common firecrests from Europe and Madeira firecrests suggests an evolutionary separation roughly 4 million years ago, considerably earlier than the 2.2 million years ago maximum estimate for the goldcrest radiations in the Canaries and Azores.
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