Hays argues that this represents an enormous, gendered burden placed at the feet of all mothers, but the burden is particularly heavy for working mothers, who experience a contradiction between workplace demands and the requirements of intensive mothering.
The result is a particular kind of "gendered burden" for women, who work to safeguard the maternal body during pregnancy and later attempt to minimize chemical exposure to their children.
We suggest that the linkage between breastfeeding and motherhood represents a "gendered burden" for Chinese women and that infant feeding has become important, early terrain on which new mothers grapple with their own and others' expectations about mothering and caring for a child.
The gendered labor burden came into popular awareness in the 1980s with sociologist Arlie Hochschild's book The Second Shift.
In the 1990s, feminist political theorists interrogated male-centric theories of labor, policy, and citizenship that neglected to probe this gendered labor burden and its uneven consequences.
One reason is that like rape, domestic violence is a gendered crime, now so burdened with gender politics that makes it hard to talk about it with any nuance.
Gendered career paths and gendered work.
Gendered, non-gendered, functional, etc.
Abbott was followed by domestic violence campaigner Rosie Batty, a keynote speaker at the Ending Domestic Violence Criterion conference, who said violence was "a choice" and a gendered issue that saw women carry the heavier burden.
It's about being able to grapple with highly gendered outcomes – like women bearing 86% of the austerity burden – of processes that do not, fundamentally, need gendered difference in order to work as tools of social control.
