I believe that, at the adult level, testosterone levels should be used to define male or female athletic gender, with high-T athletes in the male category, and low-T athletes in the female category.
In contrast, the effects of gender, with higher scores for boys, were only significant for IQ, 'vocabulary', and 'picture completion.
For clear cell RCC, an association of male gender with higher galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA expression (p = 0.054, p = 0.034) was detected.
These frequencies were significantly different (P < 0.001) in terms of gender, with higher frequency of thinness and severe thinness among boys than girls.
There were significant differences by gender, with higher hospitalisation rates among men, a finding compatible with data published in the USA, 25 China 26 and various European countries 27 that show increased cases in men and particularly in MSM.
Our previous study found a significant difference in cancer prevalence according to Sasang classification and gender, with higher cancer prevalence in Soumin-type males and Soyangin-type females [ 32].
For clear cell RCC, logistic regression showed an association of male gender with higher galectin-1 (p = 0.054) and -3 (p = 0.034) mRNA expression as depicted in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
However, almost one in three students (N 419, 27.9%) scored 20 or higher on the CES-D scale.> With regard to individual characteristics, statistically significant differences in the prevalence of clinical depressive symptoms were noted by gender, with higher frequency among female students (29.5% vs. 24, 3%, p 0.042).
While we found small but significant differences in the prevalence of economic hardships and mental health problems by gender, with higher prevalence's reported for women, the odds ratios of mental health problems in relation to economic hardship (all measures) where quite similar and in some cases somewhat higher for men than for women.
