The legislation, which was approved almost unnoticed, will enable a wide range of public officials including police, gendarmes, intelligence and anti-terrorist agencies as well as several government ministries to monitor computer, tablet and smartphone use directly.
"Faced with such enemies it's essential each service — police, gendarmes, intelligence, military — work in perfect harmony, openly, and they share all their information," Hollande said.
For example, the national police and gendarmes have separate intelligence arms and the Paris police have a third, with the result that when one of the Charlie Hebdo attackers moved from Paris some time before the attacks, he disappeared from the radar.
Measures announced by the prime minister, Manuel Valls, include greater surveillance to root out terrorist suspects, hundreds more intelligence officers, gendarmes and police, and better equipment for security services.
In late 2014, after Turkish border gendarmes unwittingly stopped Turkish intelligence agents from crossing the border into Syria with an arms shipment, Cumhuriyet broke the story, broadcasting video of the incident on its Web site.
Of the total killed, about 8,000 were officers taken prisoner during the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, another 6,000 were police officers, and the rest were arrested Polish intelligentsia the Soviets deemed to be "intelligence agents, gendarmes, landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers, officials and priests".
In 1811 Tsar Alexander I created a Ministry of Police on the French model; although the ministry was abolished in 1819, Tsar Nicholas I reinstated a secret Third Department for intelligence and an associated Corps of Gendarmes.
His in-on-the-joke sincerity, his not-quite-throwaway lines, the bits of physical business — the dancing way in which he kicks a door in "Holiday" or his graceful glide across the terrace as the gendarmes approach at the beginning of "To Catch a Thief" — serve less to glorify him than to flatter the intelligence of the women who can't do without him.
France dispatched 260 gendarmes.
Thank you, ladies and gendarmes.
Are the gendarmes fighting the rebels?
