In other words, they concluded, using international trade as a percentage of GDP (outcome variable), that trade liberalization (the policy) had a positive impact over manufacturing performance.
For the past four years, international trade flows have increased more slowly than global GDP – "an outcome unprecedented in postwar history", as analyst Michael Pearce of Capital Economics put it in a recent note.
Their results reveal that overall convergence only arose for selected factors, including the infant mortality rate (health outcomes), GDP per capita, inflation (macroeconomic indicators), the dependency ratio, the labour participation rate for females (demographic indicators), and alcohol consumption (lifestyle indicators).
Furthermore, little is known concerning associations of GDP and clinical outcomes of chronic disabling musculoskeletal conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Fig. 5 Contour plots of the predicted probabilities of the joint effect of age and GDP per capita on outcomes.
Plots b and d are produced by using model (3) that considers the 'employed' versus 'unemployed' states Fig. 6 Contour plots of the predicted probabilities of the joint effect of age and GDP per capita on outcomes.
Plots b and d are produced by using model (4) that considers the 'employed' (Y = 0) versus 'unemployed' states Fig. 7 Contour plots of the predicted probabilities of the joint effect of age and GDP per capita on outcomes.
In an age of rising healthcare costs, most high-income countries – Canada, the European Union's western economies, and Japan – manage to keep their total healthcare costs below 12% of GDP, with excellent health outcomes, while the US spends nearly 18% of GDP, yet with decidedly mediocre health outcomes.
But its principle of service for all is an aspiration shared by many countries anxious to turn rising GDP into better health outcomes.
