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SEPA itself is so strapped that to finance one of its recent high-profile projects, an effort to calculate a measure of "green GDP" (GDP minus the cost of environmental damage), it begged for money from companies.
In turn, GNI equals GDP minus primary incomes payable to non-residents, plus primary incomes receivable from non-residents.
Both sets of growth rates have been calculated from "real" (i.e., inflation-adjusted) per capita estimates of national health expenditures (NHE) and non-health sector GDP (that is, GDP minus NHE), using the GDP deflator to remove the effects of general economy-wide inflation.
Free GDP was the amount of total GDP minus complexes formed, and free EF-Tu was the amount of initial complex minus remaining complex.
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Consequently, we will have only 4.8percentt of GDP (18.1percentt minus 13.3 per-cent) available, in terms of tax revenue, for all other spending.
Today excess liquidity (money growth minus GDP growth) is growing at its fastest pace on record.
The U.K. government's commissioned Stern Review of Climate Change estimates that stabilizing global emissions at 450 ppm by 2100 would cost 1% of the global GDP, plus or minus 3%.
Beyond 2019, the CBO estimates that repealing health care will continue to affect the federal deficit "by an amount that is in a broad range around one-half percent of GDP, plus or minus the effects of technical and economic changes that CBO and JCT will include in the forthcoming estimate".
The Federal Reserve's measure of the "financing gap", the shortfall of corporate income relative to spending, was minus 0.8% of GDP (ie, a surplus) last year, though the gap closed in the first quarter of 2010.
Take those early post-crisis years out, and the average rate of growth of credit in Japan has been minus 3percentt of GDP a year.
Controls for the economic situation include the unemployment rate and a dummy variable for deep recessions which, following Duval (2008), takes the value of one if the output gap is less than minus 4% of GDP.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com