This suggests that in the controlled GC environment, foliar and stem disease progression are more co-dependent than in variable field environments.
IL-4 and IL-13, are well known to polarize T cells toward the Th2 subset, but also act on B cells to induce class switch recombination 12, and have also been shown to be produced by Tfh cells in the GC environment 13, 24.
This is consistent with Hill Robertson interference: genes in low-GC regions tend to experience reduced recombination rates relative to high-GC environments and therefore exhibit reduced selection efficiency and hence increased dN/ dS.
This new design allows GC × GC analysis to be conducted in any laboratory environment capable of supporting conventional GC and imposes no additional consumable costs.
However, it remains unclear how these differences relate to plant competitiveness and fitness in the GC of North America environment.
To rule out the possibility that variation in GC-composition between environments could be explained entirely by differences in phylogenetic composition, we examined whether the nucleotide content of different phyla correlated across environments.
By using the corresponding analysis of codon usage over 32 bacterial and 8 archaeal genomes, Lynn et al. [ 32] further showed that codon usage bias was affected by GC composition and environment (e.g., temperature).
To further stress that the genomic signature of oligomers is not simply a result of the difference in GC between the two environments, we decided to also show the visualization using chaos game representations (CGR) plots [22].
Further characterization of functional difference between macro- and microchromosomal genes, as well as its correlation with the general GC trend in chromosomal environments should await more extensive analyses using multiple species in future.
The short-term beneficial effects of culturing GC in a 3D environment have been demonstrated previously [ 50, 51], but not the long-term effects.
Even the strong AT bias may reflect adaptation to nitrogen limitation in a nutrient poor environment because GC pairs require an additional nitrogen compared to AT base pairs.
