Ultrasonic river gauging is based on the continuous measurement of stream velocity at chosen depths by recording the difference in time for sound pulses sent obliquely across the river in opposite direction.
Needle gauge was based on intramuscular injection site (deltoid or gluteal) and patient body weight.
The investigators caution that though these findings are insightful, their relevance is difficult to gauge because they are based on a small number of patients.
On this basis, they are increasingly nervous about the inflation outlook in the euro area and especially in Britain (see right-hand chart, above).One problem with such gauges is that they are based on nominal bond yields, which include a risk premium for inflation's volatility.
But investors became more confident yesterday that interest rates would rise by this spring, as gauged by futures contracts whose prices are based on Fed policy.
The forecast of debris flow occurrence relies mainly on empirical rainfall intensity duration thresholds, which are based on rain gauge observations.
With the new data, investors believe it is even more likely that the Fed will raise its benchmark short-term interest rate, as gauged by futures contracts whose prices are based on Fed policy.
Selection of gauging sites was based on historical gauging sites, and considering the possible changes in rivers gain loss relations with aquifers.
"One way we gauge innovation is based on student interest, and a number of students have expressed an interest in a class conducted in Spanish," Van Houweling said.
The unemployment rate, a source of some reassurance, is a flawed gauge: It is based on a survey of households and includes self-employed people, but it does not count people who have given up looking for work.
