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Strain gauges are attached to the outer surface (backface) of the substrates in the lengthwise direction to measure local surface strain during crack propagation.
For end-slip measurements, two dial gauges are attached to one end of the composite slab in order to measure the relative slip between the concrete and the steel deck as shown in Figure 10.
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Two groups of semi-conductive strain gauges were attached at the surface of the bar to obtain the strain/stress signals.
The gauges were attached to the track at several locations along all three spans.
Electrical resistance strain gauges were attached to the reinforcement and concrete surface.
Also, it is possible that the strain gauges were attached inaccurately on the top and bottom of the hole.
To record the strains in the steel, strain gauges were attached to the horizontal bars at various locations.
Third, electrical resistance gauges were attached to the strand surface corresponding to the selective locations of the FBG sensors.
For estimating the torque in DP, four strain gauges were attached to the sole of the foot (Figure 4A).
Strain gauges were attached to the diagonal, horizontal, and vertical reinforcements to measure the deformation and yielding period of the reinforcements.
In addition, ordinary strain gauges were attached to the surface of the strengthening materials such as headed anchors, CFRPs, haunches, and steel jackets to measure the material strains.
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