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What about gateway effects?
The effects of incidental exposure on recall are mediated by actual exposure to information in the news (spending some time on reading), suggesting gateway effects of initial exposure by accident.
We do have some hints of biological gateway effects in humans, though, from studies involving twins.
That study also provides a hint that marijuana's illegal status may contribute to its gateway effects.
On the other hand, an FDA- and NIDA-funded framework for evaluating the public health impacts of vaping products just published in Addiction suggests that adults and teens most likely to use e-cigarettes are those most likely to use or continue using cigarettes anyway and that any possible gateway effects may not outweigh their potential benefits as a smoking-cessation aid.
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This gateway effect from snus to cigarettes was more common for older than younger individuals.
Using the logic of the gateway effect, this almost 100percentt correlation proves conclusively that mothers milk should be illegal.
And politicians opposed to legalization, including Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey, have routinely used the gateway effect as their chief argument against reform.
Re "Reefer Madness": The logic of the "gateway effect," which attributes hard drug use to preceding marijuana use, has never been able to reconcile the fact that 99.999percentt of all hard drug users started first with mothers' milk.
"Concerns about e-cigarettes helping to recruit a new generation of tobacco smokers through a gateway effect are, at least to date, unfounded," the organization notes on its website.
The gateways were aimed at slowing down the vehicles entering in the built-up area, while the traffic calming devices were aimed at complementing the gateway effect inside the built-up area.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com