Immune milk preparations have proven effective in prophylaxis against infections caused by a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens.
Strains of B. infantis are considered particularly beneficial due to its enhanced ability to inhibit gastrointestinal pathogens through direct anti-microbial action and to attenuate colitis [9].
Among the common gastrointestinal pathogens, Y. enterocolitica utilizes the zipper mechanism while Shigella flexneri has been known to employ the trigger mechanism to invade host cells [27].
The specific mode of entry of gastrointestinal pathogens, their effector proteins, and host receptors or targets as well as the proposed mechanism for hypoxia-mediated changes in internalization is presented in Table 1.
However, B. infantis is able to downregulate the cytokine induction profile from some gastrointestinal pathogens [53].
While there have been several reports concerning NOD1 signaling to gastrointestinal pathogens [15], this is the first describing the involvement of this molecule in epithelial cell responses to a member of the normal microbial flora.
H. pylori is implicated in stomach and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer, and also in iron deficiency anemia and increased susceptibility to other gastrointestinal pathogens, although most infections are asymptomatic [7] [9].
No O157 H7 serotype and other major gastrointestinal pathogens were observed.
Paediatric hospital laboratory data did not show an appreciable increase in childhood respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens.
Interactions between these gastrointestinal pathogens increase the severity of the disease and consequently alter transmission dynamics.
Secondary analyses will assess the incidence and shedding duration of specific respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens.
