The extent of gap influence may affect responses of many components of forest ecosystems to gap formation on stand and landscape scales.
The limited gap influence extent exhibited here indicates that gap creation may not have a significant effect on understory plant communities beyond the physical canopy opening.
However, when the two gaps could not be seen simultaneously but only sequentially (Experiment 2), only the shorter and relevant gap influenced the street-crossing decisions.
A 3-D time domain method is developed to investigate the gap influence on the wave forces for 3-D multiple floating structures.
Using each partial discharge spectrum, the average frequency is calculated for different gaps (5, 3.5, and 2.5 mm). Figure 1 shows the gap influence on average frequency for 20 partial discharges recorded (samples).
The specific mechanism we highlight here is one where regulatory changes in the EPL gap influence firms' decisions to upgrade contracts from temporary to permanent status (in short, temp-to-perm conversion rate).
In this study, spatial extent of gap influence on understory plant communities was investigated in and around 0.1 and 0.4 ha harvested canopy gaps in four young Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) dominated stands in western Oregon.
The area showing evidence of gap influence extended a maximum of 2 m beyond the edge of the canopy opening, suggesting that the area affected by gap creation did not differ greatly from the area of physical canopy removal.
