In [3, 10, 11], it has been shown that an effective way of reducing the security gap consists in using punctured LDPC codes over these channels.
Categorisation of deprivation using educational rather than employment or income variables led to a smaller deprivation gap in survival using IMD 2000 (based on wards), but not IMD 2004 (based on SOAs).
While the Internet could be considered a tool for limiting differences between rich and poor countries and between rich and poor individuals within the same country, the widening gap in use could also be seen by many in the developing world as a threat, he said.
On the other hand, although families of all income levels demonstrated increased use of ECEC across birth cohorts, the gap in use between high- and low-income families remained stable and did not diminish in size for later-born cohorts.
In all three countries, there was a huge gap in use between those with primary-level education and all levels above.
In the late period, it could account for a small part of the difference in use of pPCI although it does not explain the gender gap in use of coronary angiography, which also increased between the two time periods.
Obviously, women who are not completely satisfied are more likely than satisfied users to make mistakes (e.g. gap in use, incorrect or inconsistent use) and to discontinue the method, putting themselves at high risk of unintended pregnancy [ 3].
The authors conclude, "The secular trend of increasing rates of modern contraceptive use has not resulted in a decrease of the gap in use …" While they did not study the trend or gaps for all contraceptive use, only modern use, at least as of 2007 the broad nature of the findings would probably not be much different for all use.
There are big generation gaps, as well, in using wireless technology, playing video games, and posting self-created videos online.
Gaps were then filled in using Gapcloser [ 57].
