In the dorsal half of the ganglion, no specific organization of the neuropil is discernible (Fig. 2b).
We cannot exclude, however, that Phox2 is expressed outside the stellate ganglion in specific neuroepithelial structures, analogous to Phox2a expression in the mouse (Pattyn et al., 1997).
Some possible sites of lesion that could produce the audiometric and electrophysiological profile of AN include: inner hair cells, synaptic junction between inner hair cell and type I afferent nerve fibers, spiral ganglion cells, specific damage or demyelinization of type I auditory nerve fibers [ 1- 3].
The ganglion cell-specific genes included both Brn3b-dependent and Brn3b-independent genes, indicating that Math5 regulates distinct branches of the gene network responsible for retinal ganglion cell differentiation.
The promoter regions of many Math5-dependent genes contained binding sites for REST/NRSF, suggesting that release from general repression in retinal progenitor cells is required for ganglion cell-specific gene activation.
Therefore, conclusions obtained using these cells that relate to retinal ganglion cell-specific responses should be reconsidered, using primary retinal neuronal cultures.
Finally, real time quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the expression of different retinal opsins as well as the expression of a specific ganglion cell marker (Thy1) and pituitary adenylate cyclase peptide (PACAP) a neurotransmitter co-expressed in melanopsin RGCs (Fig. 6).
Some genes (e.g., grl-1) are expressed in neurons of the lumbar ganglion, but the specific neurons were not identified (data not shown).
Separate inputs from ON and OFF pathways into specific ganglion cells have also been suggested by a generic investigation of multi-filter LN models under spatially homogeneous flicker stimulation (Fairhall et al. 2006).
In the mammalian retina, a number of neuronal homotypic adhesion molecules, including Sdk1, Sdk2 and Cntn2, restrict dendritic arbors of amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells in specific sublaminae in the inner plexiform layer (Yamagata and Sanes, 2008, 2012; Sanes and Zipursky, 2010).
Mild enhancement of the ganglion is non-specific and difficult to distinguish from normal perineural vascular plexus; however, cisternal/root entry zone enhancement is specific.
