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The functional parcellation revealed by stable clusters replicated previous divisions found in the basal ganglia based on intrinsic functional connectivity.
The brain histology in Costello syndrome has not been studied, but macrocephaly followed by microcephaly, seizures, and cognitive problems has been reported, as has dysmyelination of optic nerves and basal ganglia based on brain imaging (Tidyman and Rauen, 2008).
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Three different sets of parameters were used for the field model: one with basal ganglia parameters based on data from healthy individuals, one based on data from individuals with PD, and one purely thalamocortical model.
A cellular-based model of the basal ganglia system (BGS), based on the model proposed by Rubin and Terman (J Comput Neurosci 16:2004235, 2004), was developed.
Postuma, R. B. & Dagher, A. Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications.
In this study, we have considered the GM changes of deep brain structures, basal ganglia and thalamus, based on brain electrical activity markers.
We included additional basal ganglia regions of interest based on their reported sensitivity to inflammation induced by repeat injections of the cytokine interferon-α (19,31).
They connected rhythmic timing to the basal ganglia, and interval timing – an internal timer based largely on our memory of prior experiences – to the cerebellum.
The recursive process in the cortico-striatal module enables the basal ganglia to encode even more complex contexts based on those initially recognized [ 32].
Two methods for estimating mass-flux-reduction/mass-removal behavior, one based on system-indicator parameters (ganglia-to-pool ratio) and the other a simple mass-removal function, were used to evaluate the measured data.
First, selection in the basal ganglia can be easily switched on and off based on neuromodulation.
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