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Besides, to induce the gall structure insects have to synchronize their life cycle with plant host phenology.
Galls usually present low chlorophyll content, and their metabolism may vary depending on the taxa of the inducer and on the complexity of the gall structure.
Nutritive tissues have the most specialized cell types within gall structure, and they are constantly affected by the gall inducers during their feeding (Bronner 1992).
Genetic divergence and substantial variation in gall structure amongst each of the complex members suggests that at least some of the group comprises species.
These species display the most primitive morphology and gall structure, inhabit Juliflorae hosts, and are distributed in the most arid regions of northwestern and central Australia [ 38].
The selection of different induction sites affects the patterning of cell fates in gall structure, possibly influencing its adaptive value to the gall inducers (Oliveira and Isaias 2009).
Similar(52)
Gall structures are assumed to play defensive roles against natural enemies of the galling insects (sensu Stone and Schönrogge 2003).
The predominant life history mode, as the name gall midge implies, involves the induction of gall structures on various plant tissues followed by larval feeding and development within the galls.
When a wasp egg is deposited in one of the flowers, that flower develops a gall-like structure instead of a seed.
Galls are structures entirely made of plant tissues manipulated by gall-inducing parasites.
A gall is a plant structure resulting from the alteration of plant developmental processes by a galling organism, and which increases the fitness of the galler by providing a nutrient rich, protected environment [ 1].
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