We used a random-factor, general linear model to test for the effects of season (categorical, winter vs. summer) and foundress number (continuous) on the frequency of galls: galls/(galls + seeds).
Tissues of cup-shaped galls, galled leaves (GL), and gall-free leaves (FL) were examined.
While all the Chl a/b ratios of galls, and galled and gall-free leaves were the same (~2.7), the Car/Chl ratios were significantly different between galls and galled or gall-free leaves, the former being 0.54 and the latter 0.47.> -wrap-foot> a,b Significant difference (one-way ANOVA, Tukey's honest significance difference test at p<0.05).
Some have reverted to a free-living lifestyle without galling, while the galling species variously produce stem-galls, flat galls and cone galls.
The oxygen concentration in gall tissues is much lower than in galled or gall-free leaves [ 18], but gall tissues face higher oxidative stressing than host leaves.
Lucille Gall, Father Gall's sister, said her family would welcome an ending to the investigation because it would ease their grief.
"The relationship has been very strained, because of the gall, the absolute gall, of those judges," said Ginny Brown-Waite, president pro tem of the State Senate.
Also known as gall gnats because feeding larvae cause the formation of disfiguring galls on leaves or stems, gall midges harm many kinds of plants.
Its M.C., his son John, who has a way with a pun, wittily described his father, who recently had his gall bladder removed, as Less Gall (after Les Paul).
