However, the breakdown voltage dependence on the ambient temperature results in a gain variation of ∼3%/°C.
The other advantages of the proposed LNA are its small group-delay variation and gain variation of ±28 ps and ±0.39 dB, respectively.
Stable gain, variation of phase response in linear fashion and group delay <1.3 ns for whole ultra-wideband except at band notches is achieved.
With an optimized HOA, a flat gain of >18 dB is obtained from frequency region 187 to 189.5 THz with a gain variation of less than 1.35 dB without using any gain flattened technique.
The gain variation of the MPPC biased at over-voltage of 2 V was reduced from 2.8%/°C to 0.3%/°C when biased the MPPC with the designed power supply for gain control.
Measured results show that the input and output matching are better than −10 dB with a gain variation of 10.32 13.28 dB, noise figure variation of 3.29 6 dB, and a third order intercept point ranging from −3.2 to +6 dBm in a frequency span of 50 10 GHz on a CMOS 0.13 µm platform.
The gain variation of H-DWDM EDFA for a launched 10, 16, 20 and 24 digital channels is 0.12, 0.65, 0.71 and 0.74 dB, respectively, but that for 28 and 32 digital channels is degraded to 2.47 and 3.95 dB, respectively, because the left-most digital channel is very close to the 1530 nm spectrum so as to degrade the gain flattening.
Both the uncertainties of system and the gain variations of designed filter are supposed to be random and satisfy the Bernoulli distribution.
Next, we illustrate the gain pattern variation of the beamforming vectors designed from non-robust and robust designs for different uncertainty regions (i.e., different values of ξ).
This gain variation changes on timescales of tens of minutes in the case of the Swarm C satellite, and hours or weeks in the case of Swarm A and B, with Swarm A being the most stable.
