But cities afford an even larger, dynamic source of efficiency gains - the spread of ideas.
One study found that unless they lose more than 20% of their university graduates, the brain drain makes poor countries richer.Indian takeawaysGovernment as well as business gains from the spread of ideas through diasporas.
FolioFN, to our knowledge, is the only retail brokerage trading firm in the industry that is designed to make absolutely no gain from the spread on its clients' trades.
Interlinking knowledge sources to enable information exchange is basic means to build enriched knowledge-based systems, which gains importance with the spread of the Internet.
If you sit on your incentive options for a year with no risk to your money the stock price could skyrocket and you'd only have to pay capital gains taxes on the spread between what you pay and what the shares are worth that day.
Not until the late 19th century, when the gains had spread across the whole economy, did wages at last perform in line with productivity (see chart 1).Along with social reforms and new political movements that gave voice to the workers, this faster wage growth helped spread the benefits of industrialisation across wider segments of the population.
All users share N (N≪K) CDMA chips at the same time, which means that the gain of the spreading signature is N. Furthermore, we consider that at most S (S≪N) users are active in a given time, and let ρa=S/K (ρa≪1) and β=K/N (β>1) denote the activity ratio and the system overload, respectively.
"They gain by marketing the spread".
Requiring little equipment beyond chalk and form-fitting shoes, bouldering gained popularity with the spread of indoor climbing gyms in the 1990s.
Weight gain leads to the spread of obesity in society, which (consequently) increases the chance that rabid wolves will attack you in your sleep".
When a critical number of people in a population are immunized, even those unable to get vaccinated, like infants, the elderly, pregnant women, or immunocompromised patients, gain protection from the spread of contagious disease.
