Startups found that a few patents could be helpful in protecting a technological niche, but were of little value in gaining freedom of action in a portfolio-dominated market for complex products.
This is the creation of what economists term externalities economic impacts made when those taking a decision do not bear all the costs (or reap all the gains) of their actions.
Thus far, all the commercially available anthelmintics have a gain-of-function mode of action targeting channels and receptors associated with membranes [ 58].
Ernest Hemingway clearly got a buzz of that kind out of bullfighting and fishing, not merely testing the grace under pressure thing but gaining an understanding of action that then influenced how he worked it on the page.
There was a vast difference between Bush's loose, voluntary linkage to gain American freedom of action, and Clinton-Gore's tight linkage allowing Russia to determine both our ABM restrictions and Start limitations.
There is a major impetus to elucidate the structure function relationships of FGFR kinases including the mechanisms of action of gain-of-function mutations and inhibitors as such data can provide crucial information to guide the development of inhibitors with improved selectivity and potency toward FGFR isoforms.
Stanley Fish is of a similar temperament and suggests that we need to find a balance in which "we must consider in every case what is at stake and what are the risks and gains of alternative courses of action" (1994, 111).
The approach to solving non-zero-sum cooperative games, for the case of two players, can be better understood if the utility gains of all possible actions are computed and plotted as a set of alternatives on a two-dimensional graph.
Although β-catenin/TCF4-mediated ABCB1 expression represents only one mechanism within the complex transcriptional regulation of the ABCB1 gene, our findings on the dominant action of gain-of-function β-catenin adds to the current knowledge on the role of ABCB1 in the biology of colorectal cancer.
Therefore, the pathological effects of the D620N mutation can be unmasked given the proper cellular context, and supports a gain-of-function mechanism for the actions of PD-associated VPS35 mutations.
