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The mutant proteins could theoretically confer a true dominant phenotype by gaining a function that produces a detrimental effect on photoreceptor cells (such as interrupting a cell-specific interaction or generating a cytotoxic product).
Mutations can alter the structure of proteins that subsequently results in affecting their functions, either by gaining a function or losing one.
Individual genes can have a number of different functions and structures that affect their likelihood of becoming nonfunctionalized, gaining a function (neofunctionalization), becoming subfunctionalized (Hughes 1994; Force et al. 1999; Lynch et al. 2001), or retaining function.
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Some p53 missense mutations not only inhibit wild-type p53 activity but also gain a function that wild-type p53 does not have.
For the first time, the Institute gained a functioning clinic.
The fate of the duplicated genes might be loss of function, gaining a new function, or subfunctionalization [ 51].
It implies that Noxes and their physiological partners evolved simultaneously, resulting in gaining a new function.
It is also possible that the CTF may gain a new function by having an expanded polyQ (gain-of-function mechanism).
Alternatively, one of the duplicated genes may undergo positive selection to gain a novel function (neofunctionalization).
If the protein gains a function, it is possible to be helpful but more likely it is harmful.
However, the evolutionary outcome may be different if the HEG or the intron gains a function other than endonuclease or splicing activity, respectively.
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